Перейти к основному содержанию

Global Dietary Database 2017: Data availability and gaps on 54 major foods, beverages and nutrients among 5.6 million children and adults from 1220 surveys worldwide

Страны
Мир
Источники
BMJ
Дата публикации
Происхождение
Просмотреть оригинал

Victoria Miller, Gitanjali M Singh, Jennifer Onopa, Julia Reedy, Peilin Shi, Jianyi Zhang, Adeem Tahira, Masha L Shulkin Morris, Daniel P Marsden, Sarah Kranz, Sally Stoyell, Patrick Webb, Renata Micha, Dariush Mozaffarian, Author affiliations

Abstract

Background We aimed to systematically identify, standardise and disseminate individual-level dietary intake surveys from up to 207 countries for 54 foods, beverages and nutrients, including subnational intakes by age, sex, education and urban/rural residence, from 1980 to 2015.

Methods Between 2008–2011 and 2014–2020, the Global Dietary Database (GDD) project systematically searched for surveys assessing individual-level intake worldwide. We prioritised nationally or subnationally representative surveys using 24-hour recalls, Food-Frequency Questionnaires or short standardised questionnaires. Data were retrieved from websites or corresponding members as individual-level food group microdata or aggregate stratum-level data. Standardisation included quality assessment; data cleaning; categorising of foods and nutrients and their units; aggregation by demographic strata and energy adjustment.

Results We standardised and incorporated 1220 surveys into the final GDD 2017 database, together represented 188 countries and 99.0% of the world’s population in 2015. 72.1% were nationally, 17.0% subnationally, and 10.9% community-level representative. 41.2% used Food-Frequency Questionnaires; 23.4%, 24-hour recalls; 15.8%, Demographic Health Survey questionnaires; 13.1%, biomarkers and 6.4%, household surveys. 73.9% of surveys included data on children; 52.2%, by urban and rural residence; and 30.2%, by education. Most surveys were in high-income countries, followed by sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Most commonly ascertained foods were fruits (N=803 surveys), non-starchy vegetables (N=787) and sugar-sweetened beverages (N=440); and nutrients, sodium (N=343), energy (N=256), calcium (N=224) and fibre (N=200). Least available data were on iodine, vitamin A, plant protein, selenium, added sugar and animal protein.

Conclusions This systematic search, retrieval and standardised effort provides the most comprehensive empirical evidence on dietary intakes across and within countries worldwide.

Key questions

What is already known?

  • Comparable and standardised global data on intakes of foods, beverages and nutrients relevant to maternal–child health and chronic diseases have not traditionally been available across nations nor key subnational subgroups.

What are the new findings?

  • Through systematic searches and collaboration with investigators worldwide, we retrieved and standardised 1220 surveys of nationally or subnationally representative data on individual-level dietary intakes from 188 countries/territories around the world.

  • Most nationally or subnationally representative surveys were identified in high-income countries, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Former Soviet Union, Latin America/Caribbean. Middle East/North Africa and South Asia were more data sparse.

  • Among foods, data on fruits, vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages were most available; among nutrients, on sodium, energy, calcium and fibre. Data on iodine, vitamin A, plant protein, selenium, added sugar and animal protein were most sparse.

  • Less than one-third of surveys had dietary intake data on infants (age 0 to <2 years), young children (2 to <6 years), school age children (6 to 10 years), older adults (70+ years) and pregnant/lactating women or by education level.

What do the new findings imply?

  • These identified, collected and standardised data in the Global Dietary Database 2017 provide most comprehensive empirical evidence on dietary intakes across and within countries worldwide.